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In a random collection of data from independent sources, it is generally observed that the distribution of data is normal. Which means, on plotting a graph with the value of the variable in the horizontal axis and the count of the values in the vertical axis we get a bell shape curve. The center of the curve represents the mean of the data set. In the graph, fifty percent of values lie to the left of the mean and the other fifty percent lie to the right of the graph. This is referred as normal distribution in statistics.

R has four in built functions to generate normal distribution. They are described below.

Following is the description of the parameters used in above functions −

• x is a vector of numbers.

• p is a vector of probabilities.

• n is number of observations(sample size).

• mean is the mean value of the sample data. It's default value is zero.

• sd is the standard deviation. It's default value is 1.

dnorm()

This function gives height of the probability distribution at each point for a given mean and standard deviation.

When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −

pnorm()

This function gives the probability of a normally distributed random number to be less that the value of a given number. It is also called 'Cumulative Distribution Function'.

When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −

qnorm()

This function takes the probability value and gives a number whose cumulative value matches the probability value.

When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −

rnorm()

This function is used to generate random numbers whose distribution is normal. It takes the sample size as input and generates that many random numbers. We draw a histogram to show the distribution of the generated numbers.

When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −

Updated: January 1, 2021 Home » Freeware and Software Reviews

Do you have a bunch of files you want to bulk rename, but don’t want to go through them each one by one? or doesn’t want Windows to create weird (1) or (2) text behind every files? We’ve all been there, especially photographers when they have massive amount of files to go through.

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You can easily rename one or more files just with Windows Explorer, but you can do even more with the Command Prompt or PowerShell. However, the features are limited. Add in third-party renaming utilities, and the possibilities are endless. Let’s take a look at each option and how it works.

↓ 01 – Rename Master | Free

Rename Master is a freeware utility designed to rename multiple files with a just few clicks. Anyone that has worked with websites, file archives, or collections of music, videos, or pictures has probably spent way too much time renaming hundreds of files. This utility will add, remove, or replace parts of the filename with ease and also supports renaming via file properties, MP3 tags, JPEG JFIF and EXIF tags, Video tags, and text files. Batch renaming that’s simple to use, yet still very powerful.

• Intelligent number sorting
• Full Unicode filename support
• File and folder renaming
• Custom filelist columns
• Subfolder Scanning to rename files in multiple folder
• Renaming Variables for JPEG/MP3/Video tags, file properties, counters, and more
• Scripts to save commonly used renaming options
• [*] and [?] command prompt style wildcards, or full Regular Expression support
• Optional Explorer integration for right-clicking on files/folders or using “Send To”
• Case Changing and Textfile importing

↓ 02 – File Renamer Basic | Free / USD10 / USD20

File Renamer was developed to easily and quickly rename multiple files at once. With this program, you can rename entire directories and subdirectories of files/Images/Photos at once with a powerful preview and with multiple tools. It was designed to be easy to use yet powerful enough to handle some of the most complex tasks.

File Renamer is also perfect for renaming digital pictures. Select the pictures you want to rename, choose the new file name scheme, apply, you’re done! – It’s that easy! Also, File Renamer Basic and Deluxe will let you Rename MP3 files based on ID3v1 and/or ID3v2 Tags

↓ 03 – Bulk Rename Utility | Free Personal

Bulk Rename Utility: file renaming software for Windows. Bulk Rename Utility is free of charge for personal, private use, at home. To use Bulk Rename Utility within a business entity, company or for commercial purposes, a commercial license is required.

Bulk Rename Utility allows you to easily rename files and entire folders based upon extremely flexible criteria. Add date/time stamps, replace numbers, insert text, convert case, add auto-numbers, process folders and sub-folders plus a whole lot more!

↓ 04 – Ant Renamer | Free

Ant Renamer is a free program that makes easier the renaming of lots of files and folders by using specified settings. It supports Unicode names. This program can rename large amounts of files and folders in few clicks. It only modifies files/folders names:

• Changing extension
• Replacing character strings by others
• Inserting a character string
• Moving characters
• Deleting several characters
• Enumeration
• Name creation with mp3s Tag (ID v1.1)
• Name creation with files last modified date and time
• Random names creation
• Case change (uppercase, lowercase, first letter of each word in uppercase, …)
• Take names from a list/file
• Use of EXIF info

↓ 05 – Advanced Renamer | Free Personal

Advanced Renamer is a program for renaming multiple files and folders at once. By configuring renaming methods the names can be manipulated in various ways. It is easy to set up a batch job using multiple methods on a large amount of files. The 14 different methods enables you to change the names, attributes, and timestamps of files in one go. The files can also be copied or moved to new locations based on information in the files.

With Advanced Renamer you can construct new file names by adding, removing, replacing, changing case, or giving the file a brand new name based on known information about the file.

↓ 06 – ReNamer Lite | Free

ReNamer is a very powerful and flexible file renaming tool, which offers all the standard renaming procedures, including prefixes, suffixes, replacements, case changes, as well as removing contents of brackets, adding number sequences, changing file extensions, etc. For advanced users there is support for Regular Expressions and a PascalScript rule, which lets users program their very own renaming rule.

↓ 07 – File Renamer Turbo | Free

Quickly rename multiple files & folders and tag your music library! Keeping track of all your music, images, videos and other files will quickly become a chore unless you carefully manage the file names.

Now you can save time and get better file names in a matter of seconds. With File Renamer Turbo, you can easily rename multiple files in one batch. You can also rename files with just two clicks, directly from Windows! Automatically set MP3, OGG, WMA, M4A, APE, FLAC, MPC tags, organize your photos based on their type or size, fix irritating issues like double spaces or wrong casing in file names, and much more.

↓ 08 – Flexible Renamer | Free

Flexible Renamer is a software which allows you to easily rename files and folders in several methods. It can be used by individuals of any experience level.

This is a portable program, so installing Flexible Renamer is not necessary. It means that you can place the tool on a removable device (like a USB flash drive), plug it into the computer and directly run its executable file.

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↓ 09 – ReNamer Lite | Free Personal

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ReNamer is a very powerful and flexible file renaming tool, which offers all the standard renaming procedures, including prefixes, suffixes, replacements, case changes, as well as removing contents of brackets, adding number sequences, changing file extensions, etc. For advanced users there is support for Regular Expressions and a PascalScript rule, which lets users program their very own renaming rule.

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